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Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse. During the war in Iraq that began in March 2. United States Army and the Central Intelligence Agency committed a series of human rights violations against detainees in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq.[1] These violations included physical and sexual abuse, torture, rape, sodomy, and murder.[2][3][4][5] The abuses came to widespread public attention with the publication of photographs of the abuse by CBS News in April 2. The incidents received widespread condemnation both within the United States and abroad, although the soldiers received support from some conservative media within the United States.[6][7]The administration of George W. Bush asserted that these were isolated incidents, not indicative of general U. S. policy.[8][9] This was disputed by humanitarian organizations such as the Red Cross, Amnesty International, and Human Rights Watch. These organizations stated that the abuses at Abu Ghraib were not isolated incidents, but were part of a wider pattern of torture and brutal treatment at American overseas detention centers, including those in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay.[9] Several scholars stated that the abuses constituted state- sanctioned crimes.[8][9]The United States Department of Defense removed seventeen soldiers and officers from duty, and eleven soldiers were charged with dereliction of duty, maltreatment, aggravated assault and battery.

Between May 2. 00. March 2. 00. 6, these soldiers were convicted in courts- martial, sentenced to military prison, and dishonorably discharged from service. Two soldiers, Specialist Charles Graner and PFC Lynndie England, were sentenced to ten and three years in prison, respectively.

Brigadier General. Janis Karpinski, the commanding officer of all detention facilities in Iraq, was reprimanded and demoted to the rank of colonel.

Several more military personnel who were accused of perpetrating or authorizing the measures, including many of higher rank, were not prosecuted. It is reported that most inmates were innocent of the crimes they were accused of and were simply detained due to them being in the wrong place at the wrong time.[1. Watch The Kingdom Online Hitfix.

Documents popularly known as the Torture Memos came to light a few years later. These documents, prepared shortly before the 2. Iraq by the United States Department of Justice, authorized certain enhanced interrogation techniques, generally held to involve torture of foreign detainees. The memoranda also argued that international humanitarian laws, such as the Geneva Conventions, did not apply to American interrogators overseas. Several subsequent U. S. Supreme Court decisions, including Hamdan v.

Rumsfeld (2. 00. 6), have overturned Bush administration policy, and ruled that Geneva Conventions apply. Many of the torture techniques used were developed at Guantánamo detention centre, including prolonged isolation; the frequent flier program, a sleep deprivation program whereby people were moved from cell to cell every few hours so they couldn’t sleep for days, weeks, even months, short- shackling in painful positions; nudity; extreme use of heat and cold; the use of loud music and noise and preying on phobias.[1. Watch Online Watch National Lampoon`S European Vacation Full Movie Online Film.

Background[edit]War on terror[edit]The September 1. Attacks in the United States led to demands from the public that US president George Bush take actions that would prevent further attacks.[9] This pressure led to the launch of the War on Terror.[9] The fact that the perceived enemies in the War on Terror were stateless individuals, and the perceived threat of extreme strategies including suicide bombing, led to a pressure on the Bush administration to act decisively.[9] In addition, these tactics created the perception that the "legitimate" techniques used in the cold war would not be of much use. US vice- president Dick Cheney stated, for example, that the US "[had] to work sort of on the dark side",[9] and that it had to "use any means at [its] disposal".[9]Iraq War[edit]The Iraq War began in March 2. Ba'athist Iraq by a force led by the United States.[1. The Ba'athist government led by Saddam Hussein was toppled within a month. This conflict was followed by a longer phase of fighting in which an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post- invasion Iraqi government.[1.

During this insurgency, the United States was in the role of an occupying power.[1. Abu Ghraib prison[edit]The Abu Ghraib prison in the town of Abu Ghraib was one of the most notorious prisons in Iraq during the government of Saddam Hussein. The prison was used to hold approximately 5. The prison was located on 2.

Baghdad.[1. 6] After the collapse of Saddam Hussein's government, the prison was looted and everything that was removable was carried away. Following the invasion, the U. S. army refurbished it and turned it into a military prison.[1. It was the largest of several detention centers in Iraq used by the U. S. military.[1. 7] In March 2. U. S. military was using the Abu Ghraib prison as a detention facility, it housed approximately 7,4. Three categories of prisoners were imprisoned at Abu Ghraib by the U.

S. military. These were "common criminals," individuals suspected of being leaders of the insurgency, and individuals suspected of committing crimes against the occupational force led by the U. S. Although most prisoners lived in tents in the yard, the abuses took place inside cell blocks 1a and 1b.[1. The 8. 00th Military Police Brigade, from Uniondale, New York, was responsible for running the prison.[1. The brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, who was in charge of all of the U.

S. run prisons in Iraq. She did not have previous experience in running a prison. The individuals who committed abuses at the prison were members of the 3. Military Police Company, which was a constituent of the 3. Military Police Battalion, which was overseen by Karpinski's Brigade headquarters. Emergence of the scandal[edit]Lynndie England holding a leash attached to a prisoner, known to the guards as "Gus"In June 2. Amnesty International published reports of human rights abuses by the U.

S. military and its coalition partners at detention centers and prisons in Iraq.[2. These included reports of brutal treatment at Abu Ghraib prison, which had once been used by the government of Saddam Hussein, and had been taken over by the United States after the invasion. On June 2. 0, 2. 00.

Abdel Salam Sidahmed, Deputy Director of AI's Middle East Program, described an uprising by the prisoners against the conditions of their detention, saying "The notorious Abu Ghraib Prison, centre of torture and mass executions under Saddam Hussein, is yet again a prison cut off from the outside world. On 1. 3 June there was a protest in this prison against indefinite detention without trial. Troops from the occupying powers killed one person and wounded seven."[2. On July 2. 3, 2. 00.

Amnesty International issued a press release condemning widespread human rights abuses by U. S. and coalition forces. The release stated that prisoners had been exposed to extreme heat, not provided clothing, and forced to use open trenches for toilets.

They had also been tortured, with the methods including denial of sleep for extended periods, exposure to bright lights and loud music, and being restrained in uncomfortable positions.[2. On November 1, 2. Associated Press presented a special report on the massive human rights abuses at Abu Ghraib.